Psychological Predictor of Cosmetic Surgery-Samples for Students

Question: What are the current developments in the field of cosmetic surgery? What are the psychological factors surrounding cosmetic surgery? Answer: Introduction: The number of people cosmetic surgery has increased significantly in the past ten years. This trend is mainly seen due to the concept of physical attractiveness and its role in society today (Furnham Levitas 2012, pp.47-50). The latest trend towards going for cosmetic surgery for physical attractiveness might also be because of the development of less invasive procedures other than invasive procedures. The expense in cosmetic surgery has increased and based on the figures obtained from invasive and surgical cosmetic procedures done in US in 2014, it can be said that it resulted in a expense of about $12.9 billion (Milothridis et al. 2016, p. 397). This figure clearly reflects changes in attitude of people to achieve satisfaction in life. Today, cosmetic surgery is mostly concern with self-esteem concept particularly for youth. Seeing this interest in cosmetic surgery, it is evident that psychological factors have a great impact choice for cosmetic surgery as well as outcome associat ed with it. There is a need to explore in-depth regarding the roles of these two factors behind the rise in surgery. Although past research literature focused on identifying role of media behind higher preference for cosmetic surgery, however the psychology behind such interest is left to be explored. Research question and aim The main aim of this literature review is to analyze recent development in the field of cosmetic surgery and find out the psychological factors surrounding cosmetic surgery. The main research question for the literature review is as follows: What are the current developments in the field of cosmetic surgery? What are the psychological factors surrounding cosmetic surgery? Method: As the main aim of the literature review is to investigate about recent advancement in the field of cosmetic surgery and psychological factors related to cosmetic surgery, relevant and recent research article related to the topic has been taken from databases like Medline, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and Pubmed The key search terms used for the search included advancement in cosmetic surgery methods, psychology behind cosmetic surgery and factors influencing motivation for cosmetic surgery. The main inclusion criteria for taking articles were as follows: Articles must be published within 2010 to 2017 The articles must be published in English It should cover details only on cosmetic surgery and no other types of surgery. The final articles obtained for literature review was analyzed on the basis of thematic analysis to get answer to the research question. Literature review: Current development in the field of cosmetic surgery: The review of research literature reveals that although many non-invasive procedures like botox and filler options are available to patient, however high rate of satisfaction and distress after surgery has also become a common phenomenon. This has been found to be highly linked with psychological factors and traits of an individual. For instance, Di Mattei et al., (2015) showed that in case of patient having body image and its related disorder before the operations are most likely to be dissatisfied with the outcome of operation. Hence, this study gave the implication that careful assessment of patients regarding psychological health disorder might help to plan treatment and care for patients and improve their outcome. Wimalawansa, Fox Johnson, (2014, pp. 306-316) also supported the fact that mental health diagnoses also increase the outpatient cosmetic surgery burden due to complications in patient. By review of inpatient databases, the study was successful in proving that mental h ealth conditions increases the stay in hospital, hence pre-operative assessment may help to address mental health issues before proceeding with the procedure. However, the limitation found in this evidence is that it gives idea about the role of mental health problem on cosmetic surgery outcomes. However, there are many psychosocial factors too that motivate people to go for such surgeries. Hence, investigating about the psychological factors surrounding cosmetic surgery is crucial to understand the reason for high rate of cosmetic surgery. Social norm and personality trait as a factor behind interest in cosmetic surgery The research by Milothridis et al. (2016, p. 397) gave the insight regarding the psychosocial perspective of people who wish to have a cosmetic surgery done. The researcher used systematic review method to find out psychosocial reasons for people deciding to modify their physical appearance through cosmetic surgery. Firstly, epidemiological factor particularly influence of gender was found as more number of women were found to favor cosmetic surgery compared to men. In addition, alcohol consumption and education were found as predictor for interest in plastic surgery (Slevec Tiggemann 2010, pp.65-74). Review of many studies also gave idea about the impact of social network on youths favor for cosmetic surgery. It showed that preference for cosmetic surgery was higher for unmarried women and being connected with someone who have already undergone cosmetic surgery. These results did not discussed about psychological factors predicting interest for cosmetic surgery. However, the section on body image and self-esteem clearly gave idea about psychological traits behind choosing plastic surgery. The discussion revealed that people who are highly conscious about their body image are more likely to go for cosmetic surgery. In addition, level of self-esteem, inner attitude, emotions and disposition affected the decision to go for cosmetic surgery. This is also consistent with the research by Furnham Levitas (2012, pp.47-50) as it explained the people with low self-esteem will to have cosmetic alterations to boost their self-confidence. The strength of Milothridis et al. (2016, p. 397)) wo rk is that it established links between social norms and cosmetic surgery. However, it has not explored in-depth regarding the psychosocial characteristics of people going for cosmetic surgery which is the main objective of the literature review. Hence, extensive research on psychological characteristics is needed. Involvement in bullying as a psychological predictor of cosmetic surgery In response to the topic of psychological factors influencing interest in cosmetic surgery, the research literature by Lee et al. (2017, pp. 1109-1118) is considered a useful piece of evidence as it investigated about the role of adolescent bullying as a key factor predicting peoples interest in cosmetic surgery. Adolescent who were bullied in schools and colleges have poor psychological functioning and they regard cosmetic surgery as a source to reduce their psychological distress and modify perceived flaws that resulted in past history of bullying. The researcher used two-stage study design to first screen participants for bullying experience and then, collect data related to their preference for cosmetic surgery. The psychological functions that were assessed in the subjects included self-esteem and emotional problem in the first stage of research and body-esteem score in the second stage. The result convincingly proved that youths involves in bullying were significantly intereste d in cosmetic surgery compared to other adolescents. The study finding is also consistent with another study which showed that bullies have increased desire to increase their attractiveness and social status. Hence, going for cosmetic surgery is high in such group (Lee et al. 2017, p. 38). The strength of the study is that it clearly stated the reason behind increased rate of cosmetic surgery by the argument of poor psychological functioning in victimized adults. This evidence is useful to screen candidates coming for cosmetic surgery and identify psychological vulnerability in people. Impact of psychosocial factor on cosmetic surgery consideration: The study by Nerini, Matera Stefanile (2014, pp. 461-466) was based on the background evidence that percentage of people undergoing cosmetic procedure has increased from 2000 to 2012 resulting in an increased in rate by 98% in US. This influenced the establish links between attitude towards cosmetic surgery and impact of socio-cultural influences. The importance of this research article was that apart from media influence, it also explored peer and family influence on choosing cosmetic surgery. The results of the study proved that social comparisons in society often mediate womens desire to go for cosmetic surgery. Women internalized the idea of physical attractiveness by being involved in regular conversation with friends about appearance (Nerini, Matera Stefanile 2014, pp. 461-466). Hence, peer influence and their importance of weight and shape for success resulted in interest for cosmetic surgery. Hence, this study gave a useful insight that friends can also influence the psycho logy of women going as their conversations related to appearance evoke the interest in cosmetic surgery. The strength of the evidence for the literature review is that it clearly explains attitude towards cosmetic surgery by means of socio-cultural influence and psychological process surrounding it. However, some limitation of this study is that it has not considered those factors that might have influenced study outcome. Hence, in future, researchers must also collect details about personality and social anxiety in participants and analyze the impact of these factors on attitude towards cosmetic surgery. The limitations found in above research was addressed by Pavan et al. (2017, pp. 90-97) as it investigated about both psychological traits in post-bariatric patient asking for body contouring surgery. Many patients go for bariatric surgery as they are not satisfied with their physical appearance and this affects their social and work life too. Hence, investigating about psychological traits in patient is critical to prevents unsatisfactory result in surgery. Pavan et al. (2017, pp. 90-97) used survey questionnaire to identify and categorize patients on the basis of diagnosis. The study showed presence of several psychological traits in patient such anxiety disorder, previous history of depression, impulsivity and binging disorder. With this result, the study was successful in explaining about reasons for poor outcome in patient post surgery. The strength of this study is that through the result finding it gave idea about the need for professional collaboration between surgeon and psy chologist to reduce negative outcome post surgery. Influence of psychological factors on cosmetic surgery journey: The main aim of this literature review to find out psychological links surrounding cosmetic surgery. Paraskeva, N Clarke, A Rumsey (2014, pp. 28-32) mainly discussed about the need for routine psychological screening of cosmetic surgery patients and with this discussion, it gave idea about not just psychological factors influencing choice for cosmetic surgery but also on its journey. The researcher emphasized that pre-operative psychological screening is important for surgeons and psychologist as it will help to identify patients with poor post-operative outcome. Apart from the influence of psychological factors on choice for cosmetic surgery, the research gave information regarding the role of psychological factors on entire cosmetic surgery. It may have an impact on patients satisfaction with the surgery. Hence, it can be said that psychological factor is one of the reason behind increased risk of poor outcome in client. Unrealistic expectations associated with surgery results in post-operative distress and distraction in many patients (Klassen et al., 2016, pp. 1068-1078). In addition, inappropriate motivation and underlying psychological disorder also increased the likelihood of poor outcome post surgery. The strength of the evidence is understood as it clarified regarding the impact of psychological factors on poor outcome of patient. There is a need to explore in-depth regarding psychological vulnerability of patient as this research did not conducted the research on vulnerable group. Wildgoose et al. (2013, pp. 152-159) also supported the above evidence by stating that pre-operative psychological assessment is necessary to improve outcome of patients related to expectation and motivation. The study mainly reviewed performance of several pre-operative assessment tool and showed that there are very tools available that has validity and utility in the screening of patients. This may lead to inappropriate elucidation of patient expectation before surgery and their satisfaction and quality of life post surgery. Hence, this research pointed to the need for improving existing screening tools by addressing validity related issue. Conclusion: The main purpose of the literature review was to explore about the psychological factors associated with cosmetic surgery. The main intention for this research objective was to understand the need for screening of cosmetic surgery patient and identify the implication of psychological factors on outcome of patient. The review of research on the topic gave rise to several themes like role of social norm, personality trait, bullying experience, education, peer influence, body image conversation and body image ideology behind the reason for such surgery. The evidences were found effective in clear understanding about the psychological factors influencing the decision to go for cosmetic surgery. However, another important strength of this literature is that it explored the impact of psychological factors both in pre-operation motivation as well as post-operation outcome. The data from this literature review will have great implication on the work of surgeons and psychiatrist as they can c ollaborate in the future to reduce the cost burden associated with complications post surgery. References American Society of Plastic Surgeon 2017, New Statistics Reflect the Changing Face of Plastic Surgery, viewed 18 December 2017, https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/press-releases/new-statistics-reflect-the-changing-face-of-plastic-surgery. Di Mattei, VE Bagliacca, EP Ambrosi, A Lanfranchi, L Preis, FB Sarno, L 2015, The Impact of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery on Body Image and Psychological Well-Being: A Preliminary Study, International Journal of Psychology Behavior Analysis,2015. Furnham, A Levitas, J 2012, Factors that motivate people to undergo cosmetic surgery,Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery,20(4), pp.47-50. Klassen, AF Cano, SJ Alderman, A East, C Badia, L Baker, SB ... Pusic, AL 2016, Self-report Scales to measure expectations and appearance-related psychosocial distress in patients seeking cosmetic treatments, Aesthetic surgery journal,36(9), 1068-1078. Lee, K Guy, A Dale, J Wolke, D 2017, Adolescent desire for cosmetic surgery: associations with bullying and psychological functioning,Plastic and reconstructive surgery,139(5), 1109-1118. Lee, K Guy, A Dale, J Wolke, D 2017, Does psychological functioning mediate the relationship between bullying involvement and weight loss preoccupation in adolescents? A two-stage cross-sectional study, International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity,14(1), 38. Milothridis, P Pavlidis, L Haidich, AB Panagopoulou, E 2016, A systematic review of the factors predicting the interest in cosmetic plastic surgery,Indian journal of plastic surgery: official publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India,49(3), 397. Nerini, A Matera, C Stefanile, C 2014, Psychosocial predictors in consideration of cosmetic surgery among women Aesthetic plastic surgery,38(2), 461-466. Paraskeva, N Clarke, A Rumsey, N 2014, The routine psychological screening of cosmetic surgery patients, Aesthetics, 28-32. Pavan, C Marini, M De Antoni, E Scarpa, C Brambullo, T Bassetto, F ... Vindigni, V. 2017, Psychological and Psychiatric Traits in Post-bariatric Patients Asking for Body-Contouring SurgeryAesthetic plastic surgery,41(1), 90-97. Slevec, J Tiggemann, M 2010, Attitudes toward cosmetic surgery in middle-aged women: Body image, aging anxiety, and the media,Psychology of women quarterly,34(1), pp.65-74. Wildgoose, P Scott, A Pusic, AL Cano, S Klassen, AF 2013, Psychological screening measures for cosmetic plastic surgery patients: a systematic review, Aesthetic surgery journal,33(1), 152-159. Wimalawansa, SM Fox, JP Johnson, RM 2014, The measurable cost of complications for outpatient cosmetic surgery in patients with mental health diagnoses, Aesthetic surgery journal,34(2), 306-316

Isaac Asimov Essays - Futurians, Isaac Asimov,

Isaac Asimov Isaac Asimov was born on January 2, 1920 in Petrouchi, Russia. His parents were Judah and Anna Asimov. Isaac also has a sister Veronica and a brother Stanley. In 1923 his family immigrated to the United States. He and his family grew up in Brooklyn, New York. In Brooklyn his family ran a small candy and magazine store. This is one of the places where Asimov began to learn about printing. Also it was here that Asimov learned good business and self-discipline skills (Bloom, 251). Asimov attended school and was a very bright student. He went to college at Columbia University. He graduated from there with his master's degree in Chemistry in 1941. His career was cut short though because in 1942 he moved to Philadelphia Naval Yard to work for the war. In 1945 he entered the army. In July of 1946 he was discharged from the army and he moved around for a few years till settling in West Newton, Massachusetts with Gertrude. It is there that he raised his family (Seiler,8). Asimov married Gertrude Blugerman on July 26th, 1942. They met on a blind date on Valentine's Day. In 1955 their first son was born they named him David. Four years later their daughter Robyn Joan was born. Asimov met another woman Janet Jepson at a mystery writers banquet. The two of them were immediately attracted to one another. In 1970 when Gertrude and Asimov separated he moved in with Janet. His divorce to Gertrude was officialized on November 16th, 1973. On November 30th, 1973 an official of the Ethical Culture Society married Asimov and Janet in her home. They did not have any children (7). Asimov worked for many years of his life before become just a writer. His first job was in 1929. When Asimov's mother became ill and could no longer work at the family business. This is where Asimov first learned his skills he would carry for the rest of his life. He was a hardworking diligent man. After the war and everything Asimov became an instructor at the Boston University of medicine. He was promoted to assistant professor in December of 1951. On July 1st, 1958 he gave up his teaching job and became a writer. Finally in 1979 he was promoted to professor (9). Being a very diligent writer Asimov wrote more than eight hours a day, seven days a week. Although he was also preoccupied with writing he made time to get out and do things. In 1971 he joined the Dutch Treat Club. They were a group who met every Tuesday at a hotel for lunch. Another group, which Asimov was a part of, was the Baker Street Irregulars. This was a group of Sherlock Holmes fans. And although Asimov admitted to not liking Holmes that much he did love to make toasts and speeches at banquets. One of his favorite things to do was sing and he belonged to 2 other groups the Gilbert and Sullivan Society. There were two additional societies, which Asimov belonged to that influenced some of his stories (10). At the young age of eleven years old Asimov began writing. With his first attempt at writing he began The Greenville Chums at College. This was a story based on the lives of 3 young boys living in a small town. At first Asimov gave up writing, for he did not think he knew what he was doing. However, his whole attitude changed when at school one day he told the story he had written. His friend was impressed with it and wanted to borrow the book when Asimov finished it. This gave Asimov the confidence he needed to begin a writing career that would last a lifetime. Asimov's first published writing was in his high school's newspaper column. He wrote a humorous story called ?Little Brothers.?(12) Asimov's first published story was in 1939 it was entitled ?Marooned Off Vesta?. This story was featured in the magazine Astounding Science Fiction. The astounding publisher of this magazine was John W. Campbell Jr. He and Asimov had a close relationship and it was this that gave Asimov his beginning of a prosperous career. Asimov wrote mainly science fiction stories about robots. His Isaac Asimov Essays - Futurians, Isaac Asimov, Isaac Asimov Isaac Asimov was born on January 2, 1920 in Petrouchi, Russia. His parents were Judah and Anna Asimov. Isaac also has a sister Veronica and a brother Stanley. In 1923 his family immigrated to the United States. He and his family grew up in Brooklyn, New York. In Brooklyn his family ran a small candy and magazine store. This is one of the places where Asimov began to learn about printing. Also it was here that Asimov learned good business and self-discipline skills (Bloom, 251). Asimov attended school and was a very bright student. He went to college at Columbia University. He graduated from there with his master's degree in Chemistry in 1941. His career was cut short though because in 1942 he moved to Philadelphia Naval Yard to work for the war. In 1945 he entered the army. In July of 1946 he was discharged from the army and he moved around for a few years till settling in West Newton, Massachusetts with Gertrude. It is there that he raised his family (Seiler,8). Asimov married Gertrude Blugerman on July 26th, 1942. They met on a blind date on Valentine's Day. In 1955 their first son was born they named him David. Four years later their daughter Robyn Joan was born. Asimov met another woman Janet Jepson at a mystery writers banquet. The two of them were immediately attracted to one another. In 1970 when Gertrude and Asimov separated he moved in with Janet. His divorce to Gertrude was officialized on November 16th, 1973. On November 30th, 1973 an official of the Ethical Culture Society married Asimov and Janet in her home. They did not have any children (7). Asimov worked for many years of his life before become just a writer. His first job was in 1929. When Asimov's mother became ill and could no longer work at the family business. This is where Asimov first learned his skills he would carry for the rest of his life. He was a hardworking diligent man. After the war and everything Asimov became an instructor at the Boston University of medicine. He was promoted to assistant professor in December of 1951. On July 1st, 1958 he gave up his teaching job and became a writer. Finally in 1979 he was promoted to professor (9). Being a very diligent writer Asimov wrote more than eight hours a day, seven days a week. Although he was also preoccupied with writing he made time to get out and do things. In 1971 he joined the Dutch Treat Club. They were a group who met every Tuesday at a hotel for lunch. Another group, which Asimov was a part of, was the Baker Street Irregulars. This was a group of Sherlock Holmes fans. And although Asimov admitted to not liking Holmes that much he did love to make toasts and speeches at banquets. One of his favorite things to do was sing and he belonged to 2 other groups the Gilbert and Sullivan Society. There were two additional societies, which Asimov belonged to that influenced some of his stories (10). At the young age of eleven years old Asimov began writing. With his first attempt at writing he began The Greenville Chums at College. This was a story based on the lives of 3 young boys living in a small town. At first Asimov gave up writing, for he did not think he knew what he was doing. However, his whole attitude changed when at school one day he told the story he had written. His friend was impressed with it and wanted to borrow the book when Asimov finished it. This gave Asimov the confidence he needed to begin a writing career that would last a lifetime. Asimov's first published writing was in his high school's newspaper column. He wrote a humorous story called ?Little Brothers.?(12) Asimov's first published story was in 1939 it was entitled ?Marooned Off Vesta?. This story was featured in the magazine Astounding Science Fiction. The astounding publisher of this magazine was John W. Campbell Jr. He and Asimov had a close relationship and it was this that gave Asimov his beginning of a prosperous career. Asimov wrote mainly science fiction stories about robots. His Isaac Asimov Essays - Futurians, Isaac Asimov, Isaac Asimov Isaac Asimov was born on January 2, 1920 in Petrouchi, Russia. His parents were Judah and Anna Asimov. Isaac also has a sister Veronica and a brother Stanley. In 1923 his family immigrated to the United States. He and his family grew up in Brooklyn, New York. In Brooklyn his family ran a small candy and magazine store. This is one of the places where Asimov began to learn about printing. Also it was here that Asimov learned good business and self-discipline skills (Bloom, 251). Asimov attended school and was a very bright student. He went to college at Columbia University. He graduated from there with his master's degree in Chemistry in 1941. His career was cut short though because in 1942 he moved to Philadelphia Naval Yard to work for the war. In 1945 he entered the army. In July of 1946 he was discharged from the army and he moved around for a few years till settling in West Newton, Massachusetts with Gertrude. It is there that he raised his family (Seiler,8). Asimov married Gertrude Blugerman on July 26th, 1942. They met on a blind date on Valentine's Day. In 1955 their first son was born they named him David. Four years later their daughter Robyn Joan was born. Asimov met another woman Janet Jepson at a mystery writers banquet. The two of them were immediately attracted to one another. In 1970 when Gertrude and Asimov separated he moved in with Janet. His divorce to Gertrude was officialized on November 16th, 1973. On November 30th, 1973 an official of the Ethical Culture Society married Asimov and Janet in her home. They did not have any children (7). Asimov worked for many years of his life before become just a writer. His first job was in 1929. When Asimov's mother became ill and could no longer work at the family business. This is where Asimov first learned his skills he would carry for the rest of his life. He was a hardworking diligent man. After the war and everything Asimov became an instructor at the Boston University of medicine. He was promoted to assistant professor in December of 1951. On July 1st, 1958 he gave up his teaching job and became a writer. Finally in 1979 he was promoted to professor (9). Being a very diligent writer Asimov wrote more than eight hours a day, seven days a week. Although he was also preoccupied with writing he made time to get out and do things. In 1971 he joined the Dutch Treat Club. They were a group who met every Tuesday at a hotel for lunch. Another group, which Asimov was a part of, was the Baker Street Irregulars. This was a group of Sherlock Holmes fans. And although Asimov admitted to not liking Holmes that much he did love to make toasts and speeches at banquets. One of his favorite things to do was sing and he belonged to 2 other groups the Gilbert and Sullivan Society. There were two additional societies, which Asimov belonged to that influenced some of his stories (10). At the young age of eleven years old Asimov began writing. With his first attempt at writing he began The Greenville Chums at College. This was a story based on the lives of 3 young boys living in a small town. At first Asimov gave up writing, for he did not think he knew what he was doing. However, his whole attitude changed when at school one day he told the story he had written. His friend was impressed with it and wanted to borrow the book when Asimov finished it. This gave Asimov the confidence he needed to begin a writing career that would last a lifetime. Asimov's first published writing was in his high school's newspaper column. He wrote a humorous story called ?Little Brothers.?(12) Asimov's first published story was in 1939 it was entitled ?Marooned Off Vesta?. This story was featured in the magazine Astounding Science Fiction. The astounding publisher of this magazine was John W. Campbell Jr. He and Asimov had a close relationship and it was this that gave Asimov his beginning of a prosperous career. Asimov wrote mainly science fiction stories about robots. His

Easy Writer Sample in MLA

Easy Writer Sample in MLAIf you are a creative writer looking for an easy writer sample of MLA's MLA style, you are not alone. Millions of people search for this style every year, and a great number of them will be happy to get an easy writer sample because it shows that you are good at MLA. Here are a few tips for getting an easy writer sample in MLA.One of the easiest ways to create an MLA style for your writing is to make sure you use paragraphs rather than lines. Some of the people who write MLA do not understand that paragraphs can still be filled with a couple of lines, especially if they are short. You should use at least one paragraph that has more than two lines. When you use three or more lines, though, you should consider breaking it up into a couple of paragraphs.One way to create a paragraph that has more than one line is to use a verb such as 'be,' 'say,' 'hear,' 'think,' 'experience,' 'believe,' and so on. When you use a noun and the noun is followed by another verb, k eep the ending of the second verb the same as the noun that follows it. For example, 'He is thankful he is in bed.'Using MLA quotations and attribution in your MLA format is important to do because they help separate your ideas from the source material that you use in your work. When you use MLA quotations, put the quotation in quotation marks and in the MLA style put the author's name after the quotations. You can use the author's name instead of the term author in MLA when you are writing about a subject you have knowledge of.In MLA style, try to avoid using first person pronouns when describing events. In MLA style, you are not supposed to change the pronouns so much as to include the pronouns, but you can sometimes take them out of quotation marks and leave them in. Make sure you use the correct pronouns for your subject in a poem.Another way to create an easy writer sample is to use music. You may find that when you use the music, your reader can just get a general idea about t he topic you are writing about without having to be as specific as you want them to be. You can use simple songs or poems that feature the important things you want to talk about in your MLA style poem.Creating an easy writer sample in MLA is easy if you know where to look for it. If you use MLA throughout your work, you will have the confidence to make a successful career as a writer.

HIV essays

HIV essays In West- Central Africa people probably been dying of AIDS for Thousands of years. And they contracted HIV-1 virus by hunting chimpanzees for meat. Fend Goo a scientists from The University Of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) theory is that for centuries, HIV infections were limited to Gabon, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea which are parts of Africa, because they had little contact with the outside world until after WW2. After 1945, the economy changed which brought more travelers to Africa and the disease may have slowly started to spread around the world. Scientist tried to follow the roots of HIV back to it's source and found evidence of the virus in humans from a serum sample taken in the Congo in 1959. For a lot of years, AIDS researchers have thought that human HIV viruses resulted from cross- species transmission namely from some sort of ape or monkey to humans. HIV2 is linked to a simian immunodeficiency virus found in a monkey. Chimpanzee genetics are more than 98% identical to human genetics. Also chimpanzees are only disease hosts not carriers for a virus similar to HIV1 infects humans. Figuring out would lead to more effective AIDS therapies and perhaps even a vaccine. It may also prevent future cross- species transmissions of other HIV mutations. Scientists have discovered three different groups of HIV1 (Groups M,N,O) that they think have come from separate cross- species transmissions. Group M viruses cause AIDS epidemics around the world and are currently infected about 35 million carriers but groups N and O have been contained to villagers in West Central Africa. The researches at UAB did an experiment on there theory of cross species transmission by putting together chimpanzee conservation groups operating near the epicenter of HIV in Africa. The chimp experts described a trade in "bush meat" for human consumption. If the meat is infected the virus infect humans when they handle th ...

Differences Between Allopathic and Osteopathic Medicine

Differences Between Allopathic and Osteopathic Medicine There are two basic types of medical training: allopathic and osteopathic. The traditional medical degree, the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), requires training in allopathic medicine while osteopathic medical schools award the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree. Students hoping to achieve either degree attend medical schools and receive substantial training (4 years, not including residency), and other than the osteopathic students ability to administer osteopathic medicine, there is no real marked difference between the two programs. Training The curricula of both schools are similar. State licensing agencies and most hospitals and residency programs recognize the degrees as equivalent. In other words, osteopathic doctors are legally and professionally equivalent to allopathic doctors. The important difference between the two types of schools of training is that osteopathic medical schools take a holistic perspective on the practice of medicine based on a belief in treating the whole patient (mind-body-spirit) and the primacy of the musculoskeletal system in human health and the utility of osteopathic manipulative treatment. D.O. recipients emphasize prevention, a historical distinction which is less relevant as all of the medicine increasingly emphasizes prevention. Biomedical and clinical sciences take the forefront of both degrees training programs, requiring students of both fields to complete relatively the same course load (anatomy, microbiology, pathology, etc), but the osteopathic student additionally takes courses focused on hands-on manual medicine, including an additional 300-500 hours of study in manipulating the musculoskeletal system, a practice referred to as osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM). Admissions and Enrollment There are fewer D.O. programs than M.D. programs in the United States with about 20% of medical students entering D.O. programs each year. As compared with traditional medical school, osteopathic medical schools have a reputation for looking at the applicant, not just his or her statistics, and therefore likely to admit nontraditional applicants who are older, non-science majors or seeking a second career. The average GPA and MCAT scores for incoming students are slightly lower in osteopathic programs, but the difference is rapidly falling. The average age of entering osteopathic students is about 26 years (versus allopathic medical schools 24). Both require an undergraduate degree and basic science coursework before applying. Practicing osteopathic physicians make up seven percent of the United States medical physicians with over 96,000 practicing currently in the country. With enrollment in D.O. programs increasing steadily since 2007, though, it is expected that these numbers will climb in the coming years and more private practices will open that focus on this field of medicine.   The Real Difference The main disadvantage of choosing osteopathic medicine is that that you may find yourself educating patients and colleagues about your degree and credentials (i.e., that a D.O. is the equivalent of an M.D.). Otherwise, both receive the same level of legal benefits and are fully accredited to practice in the United States. Essentially, if you are hoping to choose between the two fields of study, you really just need to evaluate whether or not you believe in a more holistic, hands-on approach to medicine or the more traditional route of becoming a Doctor of Medicine. Either way, though, youll be a physician after completing your medical school degree and residency programs.

Analyze 2 poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze 2 poems - Essay Example Diction is poet’s special way to convey the internal fire, the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings that take the form of art and aesthetics to create the magical effects. The poems being analyzed in this essay are â€Å"For Malcolm, a Year After,† by Etheridge Knight and â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† by Emily Dickinson. "For Malcolm, A Year After,† (Hill, n. p.) is a popular ballad. He wrote this poem as an inmate at the Indiana State Prison. This poem is a â€Å"tribute to Malcolm X.†(Hill, n. p.) He asked the fellow â€Å"prisoners about Malcolm X the year after Malcolm’s assassination,† (Hill, n. p.) what was that date. None was able to give the correct answer. An agitated Knight reverted to his barracks and wrote the poem. His angry mood is reflected through the poem. â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† is a lyric poem by Emily Dickinson, published posthumously in 1890. Compiled and edited by her fri ends Mabel Loomis Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The poem was titled, â€Å"The Chariot,† initially. It relates to Death. The poet elucidates Death as a noble individual, who rides the carriage with her body to take it to the grave. In effect, the poet personifies immortality. The main points discussed in the poems are two faces of death. One merging with the eternity, another is the tragic termination of the life-force. Emily Dickinson examines Death from a friendly encounter and from the philosophical perspective of immortality, whereas Etheridge Knight reacts to Death with controlled vehemence for the violent end of an ideologue and challenges the causes leading to that tragedy. The literary element discussed in this paper is diction. Poetic diction is the distinctive language employed by the poets that is not common day slang. Diction involves archaism, rhyme, neologisms and figures of speech. Poetic diction is much different from daily speech and they succeed in de manding the attention of the readers. Words are used intelligently by the poets to convey feelings, action and attitudinal issues. The choice of one word to challenge the other is diction. Dickinson does not turn away from mortality and the she challenges Death as if it is a friendly encounter, --Oh, Death, come on, I sport with you! Thus the choice of diction is critical in the delivery of the message of the poem. â€Å"For Malcolm, A Year After,† is a political support statement for a black leader who commanded the respect of the poet. He intelligently and deliberately â€Å"manipulates metrical tensions and rhyme schemes†,(Hill, n. p.) as he constructs the statement for the slain nationalist leader. He launches the attack with a stinging statement, but holds it well to check the â€Å"self-destructive emotional explosion.†(Hill, n. p.) â€Å"Control the burst of angry words Or they might boil and break the dam† (L, 3-4) â€Å"Rhyme connects the form i n the â€Å"iamb† (L, 2) and the anger in â€Å"dam.† (L, 4) He writes in the language of the white man, but from the bottom of his heart, he rejects it. He detaches himself away from the rhyme in â€Å"mad† (L, 5) â€Å"The second stanza emphasizes that while Knight uses the Euro-American culture's form, he uses it to advance the political cause of Black Nationalism. Inverting the traditional conceit of the poem living eternally despite the death of the man, Knight writes that his poem, an artifact of the oppressive culture, will die, but its message, the message of Malcolm X, will live.†

Change context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Change context - Essay Example For example, one may question whether a halt in the organizations operations would result in the same changes observed and the consequent associated benefits, or, while in operation, what changes are the organization seeing in its context, that need to be taken into the account. A credible answer to these questions will allow the organization identify what is important and effective this will allow the organization to develop necessary activities that seek to drive the organization to an affirmative position, and communicate its impact in a better manner. Change doesn’t usually occur in an unprecedented manner, and arriving at a reasonably acceptable form of change requires assessment and implementation of strategies meant to accomplish the organizations set goals. In most cases, organizational change results from major external driving forces that the organization has little control over, such as need for increase in productivity, significant cuts in funding and need to address new market targets, among others. Normally, in a bid to keep up with these changes that affect the organization, unprecedented changes must occur, devolving the organizations structure to newer improved standards that can keep up with the changing environment. Such evolving changes may include formulation of new policies such as changing from a highly hasty decision making entrepreneurial tendency to one which observes calm and critical planning preceding decision. Such a move, which alters in the organizations operations results to organization-wide c hange. In comparison of three advertisements seeking to find viable individuals for employment in a managerial post, all the advertisements required highly trained individuals, with an adequate educational background. Also, the duties to be tasked to the manager were quite similar, including development of new organizational ideas, planning of the organizations expenditure, identification of issues affecting the